Figure 3 gives an overview of TARFOX platforms and instrumentation. Specific
elements are described below.
7.1 AIRCRAFT
Four aircraft will be used for TARFOX. Their characteristics are summarized in the table below. Descriptions of each aircraft follow the table.
NASA ER-2 |
UK MRF C-130 |
UW C-131A |
CIRPAS Pelican | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tail Number | NASA 708 | XV208 | N327UW | N84NX |
Call sign | "NASA 708" | "METMAN 59" or "METMAN 60" |
"Husky One" | "Pelican" |
Maximum Altitude (km) | 21 | 10 | 7.6 | 3 |
Maximum Range (km) | 5500 | 2160 | 1472 | |
Speed (m/s) | 210 | 50-150 | 80 | 51 |
Maximum Endurance (h) | 11h00m | 7h30m | 8h (manned) | |
Expected flight duration for TARFOX |
5h30m | 8h00m | 4h00m | 7h00m |
The NASA ER-2 will provide a platform for imaging spectroradiometers, a lidar, and potentially flux radiometers and narrow-field-of-view radiometers. Multispectral images will be acquired with the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) on most flights. One flight will provide a cross-calibration between MAS with the Airborne Visible/InfraRed Spectrometer (AVIRIS). It is expected that the LASE (Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment) airborne lidar will operate on the non-AVIRIS flights, producing measurements of aerosol and water vapor vertical profiles from the aircraft altitude (20 km) down to the surface. Such profiles would show the vertical context in which the TARFOX in situ and radiometric measurements are made, thus supporting the vertical extension of the in situ measurements and detecting any unsampled layers or inhomogeneities, which would impact the airborne and satellite radiative flux measurements.
LASE
Point of contact for LASE are:
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
1) Edward Browell | M.S. 401A NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665 |
e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov | 804/864-1273 928-7790 |
2) Al Moore | NASA Langley Hampton, VA 23681 |
a.s.moore@larc.nasa.gov | 804-864-7094 804-864-1762 |
3) Syed Ismail | M.S. 401A NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23665 |
s.ismail@larc.nasa.gov | 804/864-2719, 804/864-7790 |
LASE will not be operated when the ER-2 is below 60,000 feet. To ensure eye safety, while LASE is in operation the other three TARFOX aircraft will fly at altitudes below 15,000 ft whenever they are vertically aligned with the ER-2.
MAS (MODIS Airborne Simulator)
Point of contact for MAS are:
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Kaufman, Yoram J. | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 913 Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001 |
yoram@ltpsun.gsfc.nasa.gov | 301/286-4866 301/286-1749 |
Remer, Lorraine | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 913 SSAI Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001 |
remer@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov | 301/286-8325 301/286-1759 |
Tanre, Didier | Laboratoire d'Optique Atmospherique Universite de Sciences et Techniques de Lille Villeneuve d'Ascq FRANCE |
tanre@loaser.univ-lille1.fr |
MAS is a modified Daedalus multispectral line-scan system, with 50 channels in the visible and infrared regions.
Spectral Bands:
Digitization: | 16 bits | |
IFOV: | 2.5 mrad. | |
Total Field of View: | 85 degrees |
MAS Sensor/Aircraft Parameters:
The primary point of contact for the UK C-130 is:
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Phil Hignett | Meteorological Research Flight Y46 Building DRA Farnborough Hampshire GU14 6TD U.K. |
phignett@meto.gov.uk | +44 1252 395403 +44 1252 376588 |
The following table lists the instrumentation to be operated on the C-130 during TARFOX:
Inst/variable | Specification | Manufacturer/Model |
---|---|---|
Navigation and winds: | ||
Inertial Navigation Unit | Honeywell H423 | |
Global Positioning System | Navstar XR5 | |
Radar Altimeter | 0-1525m | Honeywell YG9000D1 |
Basic Meteorological: | ||
Static Pressure | Rosemount 1201F | |
Total air temperature | De-iced and non de-iced | Rosemount 102BL/AL |
Dewpoint | Thermoelectric | General Eastern 1011B |
Absolute Humidity | Lyman-alpha absorption and fluorescence |
UK Met. Office |
Total water content | Lyman-alpha absorption | UK Met. Office |
Radiation: | ||
Radiometric Surface Temperature |
8-14m | Heimann |
Hemispheric Infrared down and upwelling broadband radiation |
4-50m | UK Met. Office |
Hemispheric Solar down and upwelling broadband radiation |
0.3-3.0m | Eppley PSP |
Hemispheric near IR down and upwelling broadband radiation |
0.7-3.0m | Eppley PSP |
Atmospheric radiance filter wheel radiometer |
narrow fov. 0.5-15m | UK Met. Office |
Microwave radiation | 89 and 157GHz | UK Met. Office |
Scattering coefficient Integrating total and backscatter Nephelometer |
450, 550 and 700nm | TSI 3563 |
Absorption coefficient | Radiance Research | |
Ptl. Soot Absorption Photometer. |
||
Cloud and aerosol microphysics: | ||
Aerosol size spectrum | 0.1-3.0m diameter | Ptl. Measuring Systems |
Cloud droplet spectrum | 0.5-45m diameter | Ptl. Measuring Systems |
Cloud condensation saturation gradient |
UK Met. Office | |
Aerosol chemical composition |
0.1-3.0m diameter | VACC UMIST |
The primary point of contact for the UW C-131 is:
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Peter V. Hobbs | Atmospheric Sciences Room 504 University of Washington Box 351640 Seattle, WA 98195-1640 |
phobbs@atmos.washington.edu | 206/543-6027 206/685-7160 |
PARAMETER | INSTRUMENT Type | MANUFACTURER | RANGE* (AND ERROR) | CERTAIN(C) OR UNCERTAIN(U) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Navigational and Flight Characteristics | ||||
Latitude and longitude, ground speed and horizontal winds | VLF: Omega navigator | Litton LTN-3000 | 0 to 300 m s-1 (± 1 m s-1 ground-speed and ± 1° drift angle) | C |
Latitude and longitude, ground speed and horizontal winds | Global positioning system | Trimble TNL-3000 | global | C |
True airspeed | Variable capacitance | Rosemount Model 831 BA | 0 to 250 m s-1 (< 0.2%) | C |
Heading | Gyrocompass | King KCS-55A | 0 to 360° (± 1°) | C |
Pressure | Variable capacitance | Rosemount Model 830 BA | 150 to 1100 mb (< 0.2%) | C |
Altitude above terrain | Radar altimeter | AN/APN22 | 0 to 6 km (< 5%) | C |
Aircraft position and course plotter | Derived from VLF/OMEGA or GPS | In-house | 180 km (1 km) | C |
Angle of attack | Potentiometer | Rosemount Model 861 | ± 23° (indicator only) | C |
(b) General Meteorological | ||||
Total air temperature | Platinum wire resistance | Rosemount Model 102CY2CG and 414 L Bridge | ñ60 to 40°C (< 0.1°C) | C |
Static air temperature | Reverse-flow thermometer | In-house | ñ60 to 40°C (< 0.5°C) | C |
Dew point | Cooled-mirror dew point | Cambridge System Model TH73-244 | ñ40 to 40°C (< 1°C) | C |
Absolute humidity | IR optical hygrometer | Ophir Corp. Model IR-2000 | 0 to 10 gm-3 (~ 5%) | C |
Air turbulence | RMS pressure variation | Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1120 | 0 to 10 cm2/3 s-1 (<10%) | C |
UV hemispheric radiation, one upward, one downward | Diffuser, filter photo- cell (295 to 390 nm) | Eppley Lab. Inc. Model 14042 | 0 to 70 W m-2 (± 3 W m-2) | C |
VIS-NIR hemispheric radiation (one downward and one upward viewing) | Eppley thermopile (0.3 to 3 µm) | Eppley Lab. Inc. Model PSP | 0 to 1400 W m-2 (± 10 W m-2) | C |
Surface radiative temperature | IR radiometer 1.5° FOV (8 to 14 µm) | Omega Engineering 053701 | -50° to 1000°C ± 0.8% of reading | C |
Video image | Forward looking camera and time code | Sony Hi8 camera | SVHS tape | C |
(c) Aerosol | ||||
Number concentrations of particles | Water expansion cloud chamber | General Electric Model CNC I | 3.0 to 3¥105 cm-3 (particles > 0.01 µm) | C |
Number concentrations of ultrafine particles | Condensation particle counter | TSI Model 3760 | 10-2 to 104 cm-3 (> 0.02 µm) | C |
Cloud condensation nucleus spectrometer | Vertical-plate continuous flow Thermal diffusion cloud chamber | In-house | Four super-saturations, between 0.2 and 2% | C |
Size spectrum of particles | 90° light-scattering | Particle Mea suring Systems Model LAS-200 | 0.5 to 11 µm | C |
Size spectrum of particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model FSSP-300 | 0.3 to 20 µm | C |
Size spectrum of particles | 35 to 120° light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model ASASP-100X | 0.18 to 3.0 µm | C |
Size spectrum of particles | 35 to 120° light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model PCASP-100X | 0.12 to 3.0 µm | C |
Size spectrum of particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems Model FSSP-100 | 2 to 47 µm | C |
Size spectrum of particles | Differential Mobility Particle Sizing Spectro-meter (DMPS) | TSI, modified in-house | 0.01 to 0.6 µm | C |
Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating 3-wavelength nephelometer with backscatter shutter | MS Electron | 1.0 x 10-7 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 for 550 and 700 nm chan nels, 2.0 x 10-7 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 for 450 nm channel | C |
Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating nephelometer | Meteorology Research, Inc. Model 1567 (modified for increased stability and faster response time) | 1.0 x 10-5 m-1 to 2.5 x 10-3 m-1 | C |
Light-scattering coefficient | Integrating nephelometer | Radiance Research | 1.0 x 10-6 m-1 to 2.0 x 10-4 m-1 or 1.0 x 10-6 m-1 to 1.0 x 10-3 m-1 | C |
Light absorption and graphitic carbon | Particle soot/absorption photometer | Radiance Research | Absorption coeffi cient: 10-7 to 10-2 m-1; Carbon: 0.1 µg m-3 to 10 mg m-3 (± 5%) | C |
Aerosol-shape asymmetry analyzer | Change in light-scattering with applied electric field | Radiance Research | Detects ~2% deviations from sphericity | C |
Graphitic and/or Organic Carbon | Quartz filters Thermal optical technique | T. Novakov (LBL) | 4 to 160 µg m-3 (± 1.6 µg m-3) for 1 m3 sample | U |
Hygroscopic growth factor for aerosol light-scattering | Scanning humidigraph | In house (designed and built by Mark Rood) | bsp (RH) for 30% < RH < 90% | C |
(d) Cloud Physics | ||||
Liquid water content | Hot wire resistance | Johnson-Williams | 0 to 2 and 0 to 6 g m-3 | C |
Liquid water content | Hot wire resistance | King/PMS | 0 to 5 g m-3 | C |
Liquid water content; particle surface area; effective droplet radius | Optical sensor | Gerber Scientific Inc. PVM-100A | 0.001-10 g m-3; 5-10,000 cm2m-3; 2-70 µm | C |
Size spectrum cloud particles | Forward light-scattering | Particle Measuring Systems FSSP-100 | 2 to 47 µm * | C |
Size spectrum of cloud and precipitation particles | Diode occultation | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-200X | 20 to 310 µm* | C |
Images of cloud particles | Diode occultation imaging | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-2D-C | Resolution 25 µm* | C |
Images of precipitation particles | Diode imaging | Particle Measuring Systems OAP-2D-P | Resolution 200 µm* | C |
Ice particle concentrations | Optical polarization technique | In-house | 0 to 1000 l-1 (detects particles >50 µm)* | C |
(e) Chemistry | ||||
Particulate species SO o(4,=), NO o(3,ñ), Clñ, Na+, K+, NH o(4,+), Ca++, Mg++ | Teflon filters Ion exchange chromatography | Gelman Dionix | 0.1 to 50 µg m-3 (for 500 liter air sample) | C |
SO2 | Pulsed fluorescence | Teco SP43 (modified in-house) | 0.1 to 200 ppb | C |
Ozone | Chemi-luminescence (C2H4) | Monitor Labs Model 8410 A | 0 to 5 ppmv (< 7 ppb) | C |
CO | Infrared correlation spectrometer | Teco Model 141 | 0 to 50 ppmv (~0.1 ppmv) | C |
CO2 | Infrared correlation spectrometer | Customized Teco Model 41H | 0 to 1000 ppmv (~4 ppmv) | C |
CO2 | Infrared correlation spectrometer | LI-COR Li-6262 | 0 to 300 ppmv (0.2 ppmv at 350 ppmv) | C |
(f) Remote Sensing | ||||
Absorption and scattering of solar radiation by clouds and aerosols; reflectivity of surfaces | Thirteen wavelength scanning radiometer | NASA-Goddard/University of Washington | 13 discrete wavelengths between 0.47 to 2.3 mm or 0.31 to 2.3 mm | C |
Optical backscatter | Nd-YAG lidar (dual-wavelength, polarization diversity) | Georgia Tech/University of Washington | 0 to 15 km (7.5 m resolution) | C |
Optical depth spectrum | Six wavelength tracking sunphotometer | NASA Ames | 6 discrete wavelengths between 0.38 and 1.02 mm | C |
(g) Data Processing and Display | ||||
Ground communication | FM transceiver | Motorola | 200 km | C |
In-flight data processing | Microcomputer | In-house, based on Motorola MVME-133A technology | -- | C |
In-flight data processing and display | Microcomputer | Sun Workstations | -- | C |
In-flight color graphics | Microcomputer | In-house, based on Motorola MVME-133A technology | -- | C |
Recording (digital) | Microcomputer-directed cartridge recorder | In-house, based on 3M technology | -- | C |
Recording (analog voice transcription) | Cassette recorder | -- | -- | C |
Digital printout | Impact printer | EPSON MX-80 | -- | C |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Philip Durkee | Meteorology Department, Code MR/DE Naval Postgraduate School 589 Dyer Road, Room 254 Monterey, CA 93943-5114 |
durkee@nps.navy.mil | 408/656-3465 408/656-3061 |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Philip B. Russell | NASA Ames Research Center Mail Stop 245-5 Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 |
philip_russell@qmgate.arc.nasa.gov | 415/604-5404 415/604-3625 |
Location/ Port/Inlet |
Weight (lb) |
Power (W) |
Dimensions (in) |
Status/Schedule |
---|---|---|---|---|
Top of cabin, nose, wing, or pod. 9" D port | 70 (goal) 135 (max) | 500 (est peak) | Outside A/C: 8" D dome (hemisphere) atop 5" H pedestal.
(Total H: 9" above A/C skin) Inside A/C: 12" D x 18" H cyllinder. + laptop computer for checkout and test flights |
Assemble 4/96; Test 3-6/96; Integrate 6/96; TARFOX: 7/96 |
TABLE 5. Core Polar Satellites in TARFOX
Polar Satellite | Sensor | Local Overflight Time |
---|---|---|
NOAA-14 | AVHRR | 1-3 pm |
ERS-1/2 | Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR-1/2) | ~10:30 am |
MSX | Steerable UV/Vis spectrographs | 2-4 pm |
IRS | Modular Optoelectronic Scanner |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Lorraine Remer | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 913 Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001 |
remer@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov | 301/286-8325 301/286-1759 |
Brent Holben | NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Code 923 Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001 |
brent@kratmos.gsfc.nasa.gov | (301)286-2975 (301)286-1757 |
TABLE 6. Sun-Sky Photometer Cruise Ship Schedule
DATE | Near New York | Open Ocean | Near Bermuda | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AM | PM | All Day | AM | PM | |
6 | Z | ||||
7 | M | Z | |||
8 | M | Z | |||
9 | M | ||||
10 | |||||
11 | Z | ||||
12 | Z | M | |||
13 | Z | Z | M | ||
14 | M | M | Z | ||
15 | M | Z | |||
16 | M | ||||
17 | |||||
18 | Z | ||||
19 | Z | M | |||
20 | Z | Z | M | ||
21 | M | M | Z | ||
22 | M | Z | |||
23 | M | ||||
24 | |||||
25 | Z | ||||
26 | Z | M | |||
27 | Z | M | |||
28 | M |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Richard Ferrare | Code 912 Hughes STX NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, MD 20771 |
ferrare@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov | 301-286-9089 301-286-1762 fax |
Geary Schwemmer | Code 912 NASA/GSFC Greenbelt, MD 20771 |
geary@virl.gsfc.nasa.gov | 301-286-5768 301-286-1762 fax |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Conel, James E. | Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive Mail Stop 183-501 Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 |
jconel@jord.jpl.nasa.gov | 818/354-4516 818/393-4619 |
Mark Helmlinger | Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive Mail Stop 183-501 Pasadena, CA 91109-8099 |
mch@jord.jpl.nasa.gov | 818/354-4516 818/393-4619 |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Ron Welch | South Dakota School of Mines Inst. of Atmos. Science 501 E. St. Joseph Rapid City, SD 57701 |
welch@cumulus.ias.sdsmt.edu | 605/394-2291 605/394-6061 |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
William Swartz | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Near-Earth Env. Remote Sensing Group Johns Hopkins Road Laurel, MD 20723-6099 |
bill.swartz@jhuapl.edu | 301-953-6000 (ext 8462) 301-953-6670 |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Qiang Ji | SSAI NASA GSFC 5900 Princess Garden Parkway Suite 300 Lanham, MD 20706 |
ji@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov | (301)731-9300 (301)731-1180 |
NAME | ADDRESS | PHONE/FAX | |
---|---|---|---|
Joseph M. Prospero | Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences University of Miami 4800 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 |
jprospero@rsmas.miami.edu | 305/361-4789 f305/361-4891 |
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