Publications from Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers

Background. Since 1985 the NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometers (AATS-6 and -14) have made extensive measurements of atmospheric constituents via their effect on the Sun’s direct-beam transmission through the atmosphere. Constituents measured to date include O₃ [e.g., Livingston et al., 2005; Pitts et al., 2006; Swartz et al., 2005], H₂O [e.g., Ferrare et al., 2000b, 2006; Livingston et al., 1998, 2000, 2003, 2007a, 2008; Pilewskie et al., 2000; Redemann et al., 2003; Revercomb et al., 2003; Schmid et al., 2000, 2001; 2003a] and aerosols [see references below]. AATS measurements are used extensively to validate and supplement satellite retrievals of stratospheric and tropospheric constituents (e.g. Table 1), to validate airborne and ground-based lidar data products, to characterize horizontal and vertical distributions of gas and aerosol properties, to study closure (consistency) with in situ samplers aboard many aircraft, to test chemical-transport models, and to study the radiative effects of atmospheric constituents and Earth surfaces that are important to both climate and remote measurements. AATS hardware [e.g., Matsumoto et al., 1987; Livingston et al., 2005], measurements, analyses, and results are described in more than 100 peer reviewed publications. Example publications are listed below, grouped by selected field campaign (see Appendix for acronym definitions):

•  FIFE [Spanner et al., 1990; Wrigley et al., 1992]

•  AASE II [Russell et al., 1993; Toon et al., 1993],

•  TARFOX [Hegg et al., 1997; Hobbs et al., 1998; Russell et al., 1999a,b; Tanre et al., 1999; Veefkind et al., 1999; Ferrare et al., 2000a,b; Hartley et al., 2000; Ismael et al., 2000; Redemann et al., 2000a,b],

Table 1.   Publications using AATS data to validate data products from satellite sensors or their airborne simulators

Chowdhary et al., 2005; Knobelspiesse et al., 2008; Waquet et al., 2008

•  ARM Water Vapor IOPs [Schmid et al., 1999, 2001; Pilewskie et al., 2000; Revercomb et al., 2003],

•  ACE-2 [Livingston et al., 2000; Schmid et al., 2000; Collins et al., 2000; Durkee et al., 2000; Russell and Heintzenberg, 2000; Welton et al., 2000],

•  PRIDE [Colarco et al., 2003; Livingston et al., 2003; Reid et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2003a],

•  SAFARI-2000 [McGill et al., 2002; Bergstrom et al., 2003; Gatebe et al., 2003; Kaufman et al., 2003; Magi et al., 2003, 2008; Pilewskie et al., 2003; Schmid et al., 2003b; Kuzmanoski et al., 2007c],

•  ACE-Asia [Wang et al., 2002; Huebert et al., 2003; Murayama et al., 2003; Redemann et al., 2003; Schmid et al., 2003a; Wang et al., 2003b; Bergstrom et al., 2004; Kahn et al., 2004; Anderson et al., 2005; Chu et al., 2005; Kuzmanoski et al., 2007a,b],

•  CLAMS [Chowdhary et al., 2005; Gatebe et al., 2005; Jin et al., 2005; Levy et al., 2005; Magi et al., 2005; Redemann et al., 2005; Reidmiller et al., 2006; Smith et al., 2005],

•  SOLVE II [Livingston et al., 2005; Pitts et al., 2006; Russell et al., 2005; Swartz et al., 2005],

•  ARM Aerosol IOP [Andrews et al., 2006; Ferrare et al., 2006; Hallar et al., 2006; Ricchiazzi et al., 2006; Schmid et al., 2006; Strawa et al., 2006],

•  EVE [Redemann et al., 2006a],

•  INTEX-A [Coddington et al., 2010; Fehsenfeld et al., 2006; Livingston et al., 2007; Redemann et al., 2006b; Russell et al., 2007; Singh et al., 2006].

•  ALIVE [Knobelspiesse et al., 2008; Waquet et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2009]

•  INTEX-B [Bergstrom et al., 2009; Chowdhary et al., 2010; Coddington et al., 2008; Livingston et al., 2009; Molina et al., 2010; Redemannet al., 2009; Russell et al., 2010; Schmidt et al., 2010].

Other publications combine AATS data from different campaigns [e.g., Russell et al., 1993a, 2002, 2004; Durkee et al., 1998].

In several of the above field campaigns, AATS AOD measurements in the UV, visible, and near IR (out to 1 μm) have been extensively compared to ground-based AERONET measurements, yielding very strong correlations (r²>0.99) and rms differences generally less than 10% [e.g., Schmid et al., 2003a; Livingston et al., 2003, Redemann et al., 2005]. Measurements of AATS column water vapor (CWV) agreed with other suborbital CWV measurements at least to within 10% [Schmid et al., 2001; Livingston et al., 2007, 2008].

AATS measurements have been used to characterize the spectral optical depth of oil- and forest-fire smokes and thin clouds [Pueschel et al., 1988; Pueschel and Livingston, 1990], to describe the impact of tropospheric haze aerosols on remote measurements of the Earth's surface [Spanner et al., 1990; Wrigley et al., 1992; Gatebe et al., 2003, 2005; Knobelspiesse et al., 2008; Coddington et al., 2008; Lyapustin et al., 2010; Schmidt et al., 2010], and to document the effect of the 1991 Pinatubo volcanic eruption on global-scale stratospheric aerosol optical depth spectra [Russell et al., 1993a,b, 1996; Toon et al., 1993; Pueschel et al., 1994].

Publications Describing AATS Results and/or Instrumentation

Anderson T. L., Y. Wu, D. A. Chu, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, O. Dubovik. Testing the MODIS satellite retrieval of aerosol fine mode fraction, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D18204, doi:10.1029/2005JD005978, 2005.

Andrews, E., et al. ( 2006 ), Comparison of methods for deriving aerosol asymmetry parameter, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05S04, doi:10.1029/2004JD005734.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, B. Schmid, and P. B. Russell, Estimates of the spectral aerosol single scattering albedo and aerosol radiative effects during SAFARI 2000, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8474, doi:10.1029/2002JD002435, 2003.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, J. Pommier, M. Rabbette, P. B. Russell, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, A. Higurashi, T. Nakajima, and P. K. Quinn, Spectral absorption of solar radiation by aerosols during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S15, doi:10.1029/2003JD004467, 2004.

Bergstrom, R. W., P. Pilewskie, P. B. Russell, J. Redemann, T. C. Bond, P. K. Quinn, B. Sierau, Spectral absorption properties of atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5937-5943, 2007.

Bergstrom, R. W., Schmidt, K. S., Coddington, O., Pilewskie, P., Guan, H., Livingston, J. M., Redemann, J., and Russell, P. B.: Aerosol spectral absorption in the Mexico City area: results from airborne measurements during MILAGRO/INTEX B, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 27543-27569, 2009.

Bergstrom, R. W., K. S. Schmidt, O. Coddington, P. Pilewskie, H. Guan, J. M. Livingston, J. Redemann, and P. B. Russell, Aerosol spectral absorption in the Mexico City area: results from airborne measurements during MILAGRO/INTEX B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6333-6343, 2010.

Chowdhary, J., B. Cairns, M.I. Mishchenko, P.V. Hobbs, G. Cota, J. Redemann, K. Rutledge, B.N. Holben, and E. Russell, Retrieval of aerosol scattering and absorption properties from photopolarimetric observations over the ocean during the Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellite (CLAMS) experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 1093–1117, 2005.

Chowdhary, J., Cairns, B., Waquet, F., Knobelspiesse, K., Ottaviani, M., Redemann, J., Travis, L., and Mishchenko, M.: Sensitivity of multiangle, multispectral polarimentric remote sensing over open oceans to water-leaving radiances: Analyses of RSP data acquired during the MILAGRO campaign, to be submitted to Remote Sensing of Environment, March, 2010.

Chu D. A., L. A. Remer, Y. J. Kaufman, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, K. Knobelspiesse, J.-D. Chern, R.-R. Li, F.-L. Chang, J. Livingston, P. Russell, Characterization of Aerosol Properties by MODIS during ACE-Asia Experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07308, doi:10.1029/2004JD005208, 2005.

Coddington, O., K. S. Schmidt, P. Pilewskie, W. J. Gore, R. W. Bergstrom, M. Román, J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, J. Liu, and C. C. Schaaf, Aircraft measurements of spectral surface albedo and its consistency with ground-based and space-borne observations, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2008JD010089, 113, D17209, doi:10.1029/2008JD010089, 2009.

Coddington, O. M., P. Pilewskie, J. Redemann, S. Platnick, P. B. Russell, K. S. Schmidt, W. J. Gore, J. Livingston, G. Wind, and T. Vukicevic (2010), Examining the impact of overlying aerosols on the retrieval of cloud optical properties from passive remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D10211, doi:10.1029/2009JD012829.

Colarco, P. R., O. B. Toon, J. S. Reid, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, J. R. Redemann, B. Schmid, H. B. Maring, D. Savoie, J. Welton, J. R. Campbell, B. N. Holben, and R. Levy, Saharan dust transport to the Caribbean during PRIDE: Part 2. Transport, vertical profiles, and deposition in simulations of in situ and remote sensing observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D19), 8590, doi:10.1029/2002JD002659, 2003.

Collins, D. R., Jonsson, H. H., Seinfeld, J. H., Flagan, R. C., Gassó, S., Hegg, D., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., Schmid, B., Öström, E., Noone, K. J., and Russell, L. M. In situ aerosol size distributions and clear column radiative closure during ACE 2. Tellus B 52, 498-525, 2000.

Durkee, P. A., K. E. Nielsen, P. J. Smith, P. B. Russell, B. Schmid, J. M. Livingston, B. N. Holben, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, K. J. Noone, E. Öström, S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, L. M. Russell, T. S. Bates, and P. K. Quinn. Regional aerosol properties from satellite observations: ACE-1, TARFOX and ACE-2 results. Tellus, B 52, 484-497, 2000.

Fehsenfeld, F. C., G. Ancellet, T.S. Bates, A.H. Goldstein, R.M. Hardesty, R. Honrath, K.S. Law, A.C. Lewis, R. Leaitch, S. McKeen, J. Meagher, D.D. Parrish, A.A.P. Pszenny, P.B. Russell, H. Schlager, J. Seinfeld, M. Trainer, R. Talbot, R. Zbinden (2006), International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation (ICARTT): North America to Europe-Overview of the 2004 summer field study, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007829.

Ferrare, R., S. Ismael, E. Browell, V. Brackett, M. Clayton, S. Kooi, S. H. Melfi, D. Whiteman, G. Schwemmer, K. Evans, P. Russell, J. Livingston, B. Schmid, B. Holben, L. Remer, A. Smirnov, and P. V. Hobbs, Comparison of aerosol optical properties and water vapor among ground and airborne lidars and Sun photometers during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9917-9933, 2000a.

Ferrare, R., S. Ismael, E. Browell, V. Brackett, S. Kooi, M. Clayton, P. V. Hobbs, S. Hartley, J. P. Veefkind, P. Russell, J. Livingston, D. Tanré, and P. Hignett, Comparisons of LASE, aircraft, and satellite measurements of aerosol optical properties and water vapor during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9935-9947, 2000b

Ferrare R., D. Turner, M. Clayton, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, D. Covert, R. Elleman, J. Ogren, E. Andrews, J. Goldsmith, H. Jonsson, Evaluation of Daytime Measurements of Aerosols and Water Vapor made by an Operational Raman Lidar over the Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res., 1111, D05S08, doi:10.1029/2005JD005836, 2006.

Gatebe, C. K., M. D. King, S. Platnick, G. T. Arnold, E. F. Vermote, and B. Schmid ( 2003 ), Airborne spectral measurements of surface-atmosphere anisotropy for several surfaces and ecosystems over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D13), 8489, doi:10.1029/2002JD002397.

Gatebe, C.K., M.D. King, A.I. Lyapustin, G.T. Arnold and J. Redemann, Airborne Spectral Measurements of Ocean Directional Reflectance, J. Atmos. Sci., Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 1072–1092., 2005.

Hallar, A. G., et al. (2006), Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Aerosol Intensive Operating Period: Comparison of aerosol scattering during coordinated flights, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05S09, doi:10.1029/2005JD006250.

Hartley, W. S., P. V. Hobbs, J. L. Ross, P. B. Russell and J. M. Livingston, Properties of aerosols aloft relevant to direct radiative forcing off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 9859-9886, 2000.

Hegg, D. A., J. Livingston, P. V. Hobbs, T. Novakov, and P. B. Russell, Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the Mid-Atlantic coast of the United States, J. Geophys. Res, 102, 25,293-25,303, 1997.

Hobbs, P. V., T. Novakov, P. Russell, J. M. Livingston, and J. L. Ross, “Relative contributions of atmospheric aerosol constituents to optical depths and direct radiative forcing on the United States east coast.” J. Aerosol Sci. 29(Suppl 1): S1297-S1298, 1998.

Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S, Herman, J Holben, B, Comparisons of satellite retrieval of aerosol properties from SeaWiFS and TOMS to the AERONET measurements, EOS Trans. AGU, 82 (47), Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract A51B-03, 2002.

Huebert, B. J., T. Bates, P. B. Russell, G. Shi, Y. J. Kim, K. Kawamura, G. Carmichael, and T. Nakajima, An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D23), 8633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003550, 2003.

Ismail S, Browell EV, Ferrare RA, Kooi SA, Clayton MB, Brackett VG, Russell PB, LASE measurements of aerosol and water vapor profiles during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9903-9916, 2000.

Jin, Zhonghai, Thomas P. Charlock,  Ken Rutledge,  Glenn Cota,  Ralph Kahn,  Jens Redemann,  Taiping Zhang,  David A. Rutan, and Fred Rose, Radiative Transfer Modeling for the CLAMS Experiment, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 62, Issue 4 (April 2005) pp. 1053-1071 DOI: 10.1175/JAS3351.1

Kahn, R., J. Anderson, T.L. Anderson, T. Bates, F. Brechtel, C.M. Carrico, A. Clarke, S.J. Doherty, E. Dutton, R. Flagan, R. Frouin, H. Fukushima, B. Holben, S. Howell, B. Huebert, A. Jefferson, H. Jonsson, O. Kalashnikova, J. Kim, S-W. Kim, P. Kus, W-H. Li, J.M. Livingston, C. McNaughton, J. Merrill, S. Mukai, T. Murayama, T. Nakajima, P. Quinn, J. Redemann, M. Rood, P. Russell, I. Sano, B. Schmid, J. Seinfeld, N. Sugimoto, J. Wang, E.J. Welton, J-G. Won, S-C. Yoon, Environmental snapshots from ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S14, doi:10.1029/2003JD004339, 2004.

Kaufman, Y. J., J. M. Haywood, P. V. Hobbs, W. Hart, R. Kleidman, and B. Schmid (2003), Remote sensing of vertical distributions of smoke aerosol off the coast of Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (16), 1831, doi:10.1029/2003GL017068.

Knobelspiesse, K. D., B. Cairns, B. Schmid, M. O. Román, and C. B. Schaaf (2008), Surface BRDF estimation from an aircraft compared to MODIS and ground estimates at the Southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20105, doi:10.1029/2008JD010062.

Kuzmanoski M., M. Box, B. Schmid, G. P. Box, J. Wang, P. Russell, H. Jonsson, J. Seinfeld. Aerosol properties computed from aircraft-based observations during the ACE-Asia campaign: 1. Aerosol size distributions retrieved from optical thickness measurements. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41:202-216, 2007a.

Kuzmanoski M., M. Box, B. Schmid, G. P. Box, J. Wang, P. Russell, D. Bates, H. Jonsson, E. Welton, J. Seinfeld. Aerosol properties computed from aircraft-based observations during the ACE-Asia campaign: 2. A case study of lidar ratio closure and aerosol radiative effects. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41:231-243, 2007b.

Kuzmanoski M., M. A. Box, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, J. Redemann. A case study of modeled aerosol optical properties during the SAFARI 2000 campaign. Appl. Opt., 46, 5263-5275 (2007c).

Levy, R. C., L. A. Remer, D. Tanré, Y. J. Kaufman, C. Ichoku, B. N. Holben, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, H. Maring, Evaluation of the MODIS retrievals of dust aerosol over the ocean during PRIDE. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108, No. D19, 8594 10.1029/2002JD002460, 23 July 2003.

Levy, R.C., L.A. Remer, J.V. Martins, Y.J. Kaufman, A. Plana-Fattori, J. Redemann, B. Wenny, Evaluation of the MODIS aerosol retrievals over ocean and land during CLAMS, J. Atmos. Sci., Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 974–992, 2005.

Livingston, J.M. and P.B. Russell, Comparison of satellite-inferred (SAGE II) aerosol optical depths with corresponding airborne sun-photometer optical depths, Preprint AIAA 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 9-12, 1989, Reno Nevada.

Livingston, J. M., V. Kapustin, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, P. K. Quinn, T. S. Bates, P. A. Durkee, P. J. Smith, V. Freudenthaler, D. S. Covert, S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, V. Vitale, and C. Tomasi, Shipboard sunphotometer measurements of aerosol optical depth spectra and columnar water vapor during ACE 2 and comparison to selected land, ship, aircraft, and satellite measurements. Tellus, B 52, 594-619, 2000.

Livingston, J. M., P. B. Russell, J. S. Reid, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, D. Allen, O. Torres, R. C. Levy, L. A. Remer, B. N. Holben, A. Smirnov, O. Dubovik, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, S. A. Christopher, J. Wang, Airborne sunphotometer measurements of aerosol optical depth and columnar water vapor during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment, and comparison with land, aircraft, and satellite measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D19), 8588, doi:10.1029/2002JD002520, 2003.

Livingston J. M., B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, J. A. Eilers, R. W. Kolyer, J. Redemann, S. A. Ramirez, J-H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, C. R. Trepte, L. W. Thomason, M. C. Pitts, M. A. Avery, C. E. Randall, J. D. Lumpe, R. M. Bevilacqua, M. Bittner, T. Erbertseder, R. D. McPeters, R. E. Shetter, E. V. Browell, J. B. Kerr, K. Lamb. Retrieval of ozone column content from airborne Sun photometer measurements during SOLVE II: Comparison with coincident satellite and aircraft measurements Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Special Issue on the SOLVE II/VINTERSOL campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 2035-2054, 2005 SRef-ID:1680-7324/acp/2005-5-2035, 2005.

Livingston, J., B. Schmid, J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, S. A. Ramirez, J. Eilers, W. Gore, S. Howard, J. Pommier, E. J. Fetzer, S. W. Seemann, E. Borbas, D. Wolfe, Comparison of Water Vapor Measurements by Airborne Sunphotometer and Near-Coincident In Situ and Satellite Sensors during INTEX-ITCT 2004, J. Geophys. Res. 112, D12S16, doi:10.1029/2006JD007733, 2007a.

Livingston, J. M., Schmid, B., Russell, P. B., Redemann, J., Podolske, J. R., Diskin, G. S., Sachse, G. W., Comparison of Water Vapor Measurements by Airborne Sun Photometer and Diode Laser Hygrometer on the NASA DC-8, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 25, 1733-1743, doi: 10.1175/2008JTECHA1047.1, 2008.

Livingston, J. M., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, O. Torres, B. Veihelmann, P. Veefkind, R. Braak, A. Smirnov, L. Remer, R. W. Bergstrom, O. Coddington, K. S. Schmidt, P. Pilewskie, R. Johnson, and Q. Zhang, Comparison of aerosol optical depths from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura with results from airborne sunphotometry, other space and ground measurements during MILAGRO/INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 6743-6765, 2009.

Lyapustin, A., Gatebe, C. K., Kahn, R., Brandt, R., Redemann, J., Russell, P., King, M. D., Pedersen, C. A., Gerland, S., Poudyal, R., Marshak, A., Wang, Y., Schaaf, C., Hall, D., and Kokhanovsky, A.: Analysis of snow bidirectional reflectance from ARCTAS spring-2008 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 9, 21993-22040, 2009.

Lyapustin, A., Gatebe, C. K., Kahn, R., Brandt, R., Redemann, J., Russell, P., King, M. D., Pedersen, C. A., Gerland, S., Poudyal, R., Marshak, A., Wang, Y., Schaaf, C., Hall, D., and Kokhanovsky, A.: Analysis of snow bidirectional reflectance from ARCTAS spring-2008 campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4359-4375, 2010.

Magi, B. I., P. V. Hobbs, B. Schmid, and J. Redemann, Vertical profiles of light scattering, light absorption and single scattering albedo during the dry, biomass burning season in southern Africa and comparisons of in situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosol optical depths, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8504, doi:10.1029/2002JD002361, 2003.

Magi, B.I., P.V. Hobbs, T.W. Kirchstetter, T. Novakov, D.A. Hegg, S. Gao, J. Redemann, and B. Schmid, Aerosol Properties and Chemical Apportionment of Aerosol Optical Depth at Locations off the United States East Coast in July and August 2001, J. Atmos. Sci. doi: 10.1175/JAS3263.1, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 919–933, 2005.

Magi, B. I., Q. Fu, J. Redemann, and B. Schmid (2008), Using aircraft measurements to estimate the magnitude and uncertainty of the shortwave direct radiative forcing of southern African biomass burning aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05213, doi:10.1029/2007JD009258.

Matsumoto, T., P. Russell, C. Mina, W. Van Ark, and V. Banta, 1987: "Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer," J. Atmos. Ocean . Tech., 4, 336-339.

McGill, M., D. Hlavka, W. Hart, V. S. Scott, J. Spinhirne, and B. Schmid, "Cloud Physics Lidar: Instrument Description and Initial Measurement Results," Appl. Opt. 41, 3725-3734 (2002)

Molina, L.T., S. Madronich, J.S. Gaffney, E. Apel, B. de Foy, J. Fast, R. Ferrare, S. Herndon, C. Hostetler, J.L. Jimenez, B. Lamb, A.R. Osornio-Vargas, P. Russell, J.J. Schauer, P.S. Stevens, M. Zavala, An Overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City Emissions and their Transport and Transformation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., submitted 2010.

Murayama, T., S. J. Masonis, J. Redemann, T. Anderson, B. Schmid, J. Livingston, P. Russell, B. J. Huebert, D. S. Howell, C. McNaughton, A. Clarke, M. Abo, A. Shimizu, N. Sugimoto, M. Yabuki, H. Kuze, S. Fukagawa, K. Maxwell, R. Weber, D. Orsini, B. Blomquist, A. R. Bandy, D. Thornton, An intercomparison of lidar-derived aerosol optical properties with airborne measurements near Tokyo during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res, 108(D23), 8651, doi:10.1029/2002JD003259, 2003.

Pilewskie P, Rabbette M, Bergstrom R, Marquez J, Schmid B, Russell PB, The discrepancy between measured and modeled downwelling solar irradiance at the ground: Dependence on water vapor, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 137-140, 2000.

Pilewskie, P., J. Pommier, R. Bergstrom, et al., incl. B. Schmid, Solar spectral radiative forcing during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 8486, doi:10.1029/2002JD002411, 2003.

Pitts, M. C.,  L. W. Thomason, J. M. Zawodny, B. N. Wenny, J. M. Livingston, P. B.  Russell, J.-H. Yee, W. H. Swartz, and R. E. Shetter, Ozone observations by the Gas and Aerosol Measurement Sensor during SOLVE II, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2695-2709, 2006.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, D.A. Colburn, T.P. Ackerman, B.V. Zak, D.A. Allen, and W. Einfeld, 1988: "Smoke Optical Depths: Magnitude, Variability and Wavelength Dependence," J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8388-8402.

Pueschel, R.F. and J.M. Livingston, Aerosol spectral optical depths: Jet fuel and forest fire smokes, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22,417-22,422, 1990.

Pueschel, R. F., S. A. Kinne, P. B. Russell, K. G. Snetsinger, and J. M. Livingston, 1992, Effects of the 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Eruption on the Physical and Radiative Properties of Stratospheric Aerosols,Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation (Proc. IRS '92), S. Keevallik, ed., A. Deepak Press.

Pueschel, R.F., J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, and S. Verma, 1994: "Physical And Optical Properties of The Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosol:  Aircraft Observations with Impactors and a Sun-tracking Photometer," J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,915-12,922, 1994.

Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.B. Russell, R.W. Bergstrom, B. Schmid, J.M. Livingston, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, S. Ismail, R.A Ferrare, E.V. Browell, Retrieving the vertical structure of the effective aerosol complex index of refraction from a combination of aerosol in situ and remote sensing measurements during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9949-9970, 2000a.

Redemann, J., R.P. Turco, K.N. Liou, P.V. Hobbs, W.S. Hartley, R.W. Bergstrom, E.V. Browell, and P.B. Russell, Case studies of the vertical structure of the direct shortwave aerosol radiative forcing during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 9971-9979, 2000b.

Redemann, J., S. Masonis, B. Schmid, T. Anderson, P. Russell, J. Livingston, O. Dubovik, A. Clarke, Clear-column closure studies of aerosols and water vapor aboard the NCAR C-130 in ACE-Asia, 2001, J. Geophys. Res. 108(D23), 8655, doi:10.1029/2003JD003442, 2003.

Redemann, J., B. Schmid, J. A. Eilers, R.A. Kahn, R. C. Levy, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, P. V. Hobbs, W. L. Smith Jr., B. N. Holben, Suborbital measurements of spectral aerosol optical depth and its variability at sub-satellite grid scales in support of CLAMS, 2001, J. Atmos. Sci., doi:10.1175/JAS3387.1,Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 993-1007, 2005.

Redemann, J., Q. Zhang, B. Schmid, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, H. Jonsson, and L. A. Remer (2006), Assessment of MODIS-derived visible and near-IR aerosol optical properties and their spatial variability in the presence of mineral dust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18814, doi:10.1029/2006GL026626, 2006a.

Redemann, J., P. Pilewskie, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, S. Howard, B. Schmid, J. Pommier, W. Gore, J. Eilers, and M. Wendisch (2006), Airborne measurements of spectral direct aerosol radiative forcing in the Intercontinental chemical Transport Experiment/Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation of anthropogenic pollution, 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14210, doi:10.1029/2005JD006812, 2006b.

Redemann, J., Q. Zhang, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, and L. A. Remer (2009), Case studies of aerosol remote sensing in the vicinity of clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D06209, doi:10.1029/2008JD010774.

Redemann, J., Zhang, Q., Livingston, J., Russell, P., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A., Johnson, R., and Levy, R.: Testing aerosol properties in MODIS Collection 4 and 5 using airborne sunphotometer observations in INTEX-B/MILAGRO, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8159-8172, 2009.

Reid, J. S., J.E. Kinney, D.L. Westphal, B.N. Holben, E.J. Welton, S-C.Tsay, D.P. Eleuterio, J. Campbell, S.A. Christopher, H.H. Jonnson, J.M. Livingston, H.B. Maring, M.Meier, P. Pilewskie, J.Prospero, E.A. Reid, L.A. Remer, P.B. Russell, D. Savoie, A.Smirnov and D. Tanre (2003), Analysis of measurements of Saharan dust by airborne and ground-based remote sensing methods during the Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE), J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D19), 8586, doi:10.1029/2002JD002493.

Reidmiller, D.R., P.V. Hobbs, and R. Kahn, 2006, Aerosol optical properties and particle size distributions on the east coast of the United States, derived from airborne in situ and remote sensing measurements, J. Atmos. Sci. 63, 785–814.

Revercomb,  H. E., D. D. Turner,  D. C. Tobin,  R. O. Knuteson,  W. F. Feltz, J. Barnard, J. Bösenberg,  S. Clough,  D. Cook,  R. Ferrare,  J. Goldsmith,  S. Gutman,  R. Halthore,  B. Lesht,  J. Liljegren,  H. Linné,  J. Michalsky,  V. Morris,  W. Porch,  S. Richardson,  B. Schmid,  M. Splitt,  T. Van Hove,  E. Westwater, and D. Whiteman, The Arm Program's Water Vapor Intensive Observation Periods, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. Volume 84, Issue 2 (February 2003) pp. 217-236 DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-84-2-217

Ricchiazzi, P., C. Gautier, J. A. Ogren, and B. Schmid ( 2006 ), A comparison of aerosol optical properties obtained from in situ measurements and retrieved from Sun and sky radiance observations during the May 2003 ARM Aerosol Intensive Observation Period, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05S06, doi:10.1029/2005JD005863.

Rogers, R. R., Hair, J. W., Hostetler, C. A., Ferrare, R. A., Obland, M. D., Cook, A. L., Harper, D. B., Burton, S. P., Shinozuka, Y., McNaughton, C. S., Clarke, A. D., Redemann, J., Russell, P. B., Livingston, J. M., and Kleinman, L. I.: NASA LaRC airborne high spectral resolution lidar aerosol measurements during MILAGRO: observations and validation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4811-4826, 2009.

Russell, P. B., et al., Measurements with an airborne, autotracking, external-head sunphotometer, Preprint Volume, Sixth Conference on Atmospheric Radiation, May 13-16, 1986, pp. 55-58, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, MA, 1986.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, E. G. Dutton, R. F. Pueschel, J. A. Reagan, T. E. DeFoor, M. A. Box, D. Allen, P. Pilewskie_, B. M. Herman, S. A. Kinne, and D. J. Hofmann,  "Pinatubo And Pre-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra:  Mauna Loa Measurements, Comparisons, Inferred Particle Size Distributions, Radiative Effects, And Relationship To Lidar Data, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,969-22,985, 1993a.

Russell, P.B., J. M. Livingston, R. F. Pueschel, J. A. Reagan, E.V. Browell, G. C. Toon, P.A. Newman, M.R. Schoeberl, L.R. Lait, L. Pfister, Q. Gao, and B. M. Herman, 1993: "Post-Pinatubo Optical Depth Spectra vs. Latitude and Vortex Structure:  Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer Measurements in AASE II," Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2571-2574, 1993b.

Russell, P. B., P. V. Hobbs, and L. L. Stowe, Aerosol properties and radiative effects in the United States Mid-Atlantic haze plume: An overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX), J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2213-2222, 1999a.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, P. Hignett, S. Kinne, J. Wong, and P. V. Hobbs, Aerosol-induced radiative flux changes off the United States Mid-Atlantic coast: Comparison of values calculated from sunphotometer and in situ data with those measured by airborne pyranometer, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2289-2307, 1999b.

Russell, P. B., and J. Heintzenberg, An Overview of the ACE 2 Clear Sky Column Closure Experiment (CLEARCOLUMN), Tellus B 52, 463-483, 2000.

Russell, P. B., J. Redemann, B. Schmid, R. W. Bergstrom, J. M. Livingston, D. M. McIntosh, S. Hartley, P. V. Hobbs, P. K. Quinn, C. M. Carrico, M. J. Rood, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, W. von Hoyningen-Huene, and L. Remer, Comparison of aerosol single scattering albedos derived by diverse techniques in two North Atlantic experiments, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 609-619, 2002.

Russell, P. B., J. M. Livingston, O. Dubovik, S. A. Ramirez, J. Wang, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, M. Box, and B. N. Holben (2004), Sunlight transmission through desert dust and marine aerosols: Diffuse light corrections to Sun photometry and pyrheliometry, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D08207, doi:10.1029/2003JD004292, 2004.

Russell, P., J. Livingston, B. Schmid, J. Eilers, R. Kolyer, J. Redemann, S. Ramirez, J-H. Yee, W. Swartz, R. Shetter, C. Trepte, A. Risley, Jr., B. Wenny, J. Zawodny, W. Chu, M. Pitts, J. Lumpe, M. Fromm,C. Randall, K. Hoppel, R. Bevilacqua, Aerosol optical depth measurements by airborne Sun photometer in SOLVE II: Comparisons to SAGE III, POAM III and airborne spectrometer measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 1311–1339, 2005

Russell, P.B., J.M. Livingston, J. Redemann, B. Schmid, S.A. Ramirez, J. Eilers, R. Khan, A. Chu, L. Remer, P.K. Quinn, M.J. Rood, W. Wang, Multi-Grid-Cell Validation of Satellite Aerosol Property Retrievals in INTEX/ITCT/ICARTT 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12S09, doi:10.1029/2006JD007606, 2007.

Russell, P. B., Bergstrom, R. W., Shinozuka, Y., Clarke, A. D., DeCarlo, P. F., Jimenez, J. L., Livingston, J. M., Redemann, J., Dubovik, O., and Strawa, A.: Absorption Angstrom Exponent in AERONET and related data as an indicator of aerosol composition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1155-1169, 2010.

Schmid, B., J. J. Michalsky, R. N. Halthore, M. C. Beauharnois, L. C. Harrison, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, B. Holben, T. Eck, and A. Smirnov, Comparison of aerosol optical depth from four solar radiometers during the Fall 1997 ARM Intensive Observation Period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2725-2728, 1999.

Schmid, B., J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, P. A. Durkee, H. H. Jonsson, D. R. Collins, R. C. Flagan, J. H. Seinfeld, S. Gassó, D. A. Hegg, E. Öström, K. J. Noone, E. J. Welton, K. J. Voss, H. R. Gordon, P. Formenti, and M. O. Andreae, Clear sky closure studies of lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE 2 using airborne sunphotometer, airborne in-situ, space-borne, and ground-based measurements, Tellus, B 52, 568-593, 2000.

Schmid B., J.J. Michalsky, D.W. Slater, J.C. Barnard, R.N. Halthore, J.C. Liljegren, B.N. Holben, T.F. Eck, J.M. Livingston, P.B. Russell, T. Ingold, and I. Slutsker. Comparison of columnar water-vapor measurements from solar transmittance methods. Applied Optics, Vol. 40, No. 12, 1886-1896, 2001.

Schmid, B., D. A. Hegg, J. Wang, D. Bates, J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, J. M. Livingston, H. H. Jonsson, E. J. Welton, J. H. Seinfeld, R. C. Flagan, D. S. Covert, O. Dubovik, A. Jefferson, Column closure studies of lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapor during ACE-Asia using airborne sunphotometer, airborne in-situ and ship-based lidar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 108 D23, doi:10.1029/2002JD003361, 2003a.

Schmid B., J. Redemann, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, D. L. Hlavka, M. J. McGill, B. N. Holben, E. J. Welton, J. Campbell, O. Torres, R. A. Kahn, D. J. Diner, M. C. Helmlinger, D. A. Chu, C. Robles Gonzalez, and G. de Leeuw, Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based measurements of massive, thick aerosol layers during the dry season in Southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res, 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002297, 2003b.

Schmid B., R. Ferrare, C. Flynn, R. Elleman, D. Covert, A. Strawa, E. Welton, D. Turner, H. Jonsson, J. Redemann, J. Eilers, K. Ricci, A. G. Hallar, M. Clayton, J. Michalsky, A. Smirnov, B. Holben, J. Barnard. How well can we measure the vertical profile of tropospheric aerosol extinction?, J. Geophys. Res. Vol. 111, D05S07 doi:10.1029/2005JD005837, 2006.

Schmid, B., C. J. Flynn, R. K. Newsom, D. D. Turner, R. A. Ferrare, M. F. Clayton, E. Andrews, J. A. Ogren, R. R. Johnson, P. B. Russell, W. J. Gore, R. Dominguez, Validation of aerosol extinction and water vapor profiles from routine Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Climate Research Facility measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D22207, doi:10.1029/2009JD012682, 2009.

Schmidt, K. S., P. Pilewskie, R. Bergstrom, O. Coddington, J. Redemann, J. Livingston, P. Russell, E. Bierwirth, M. Wendisch, W. Gore, M. K. Dubey, and C. Mazzoleni, A new method for deriving aerosol solar radiative forcing and its first application within MILAGRO/INTEX-B, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 2731–2767, 2010.

Singh, H. B., W. H. Brune, J. H. Crawford, D. J. Jacob, and P. B. Russell ( 2006 ), Overview of the summer 2004 Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America (INTEX-A), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D24S01, doi:10.1029/2006JD007905.

Smith, W. L. Jr.,  T. P. Charlock,  R. Kahn,  J. V. Martins,  L. A. Remer,  P. V. Hobbs,  J. Redemann, and C. K. Rutledge, EOS Terra Aerosol and Radiative Flux Validation: An Overview of the Chesapeake Lighthouse and Aircraft Measurements for Satellites (CLAMS) Experiment, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Volume 62, Issue 4 (April 2005) pp. 903-918 DOI: 10.1175/JAS3398.1

Spanner, M.A., R.C. Wrigley, R.F. Pueschel, J.M. Livingston, and D.S. Colburn.  1990. Determination of atmospheric optical properties during the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment. J. Spacecraft, 373-379.

Strawa, A. W., et al. ( 2006 ), Comparison of in situ aerosol extinction and scattering coefficient measurements made during the Aerosol Intensive Operating Period, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D05S03, doi:10.1029/2005JD006056.

Swartz, W. H., J.-H. Yee, R. E. Shetter, S. R. Hall, B. L. Lefer, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell, E. V. Browell, and M. A. Avery, Column ozone and aerosol optical properties retrieved from direct solar irradiance measurements during SOLVE II, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 611-622, 2005.

Tanré, D., Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y. J.; Mattoo, S.; Hobbs, P. V.; Livingston, J. M.; Russell, P. B.; Smirnov, A. Retrieval of aerosol optical thickness and size distribution over ocean from the MODIS airborne simulator during TARFOX. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (D2) 2261-2278, 1999.

Toon, O., E. Browell, B. Gary, L. Lait, J. Livingston, P. Newman, R. Pueschel, P. Russell, M. Schoeberl, G. Toon, W. Traub, F.P.J. Valero, H. Selkirk, J. Jordan, 1993: Heterogeneous Reaction Probabilities, Solubilities, and the Physical State of Cold Volcanic Aerosols, Science, 261, 1136-1140.

Veefkind J. P., G. de Leeuw, P. A. Durkee, P. B. Russell, P. V. Hobbs, and J. M. Livingston, Aerosol optical depth retrieval using ATSR-2 and AVHRR data during TARFOX, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 2253-2260, 1999.

Wang, J., R.C.Flagan, J.H.Seinfeld, H.H.Jonsson, D.R.Collins, P.B.Russell, B.Schmid, J.Redemann, J.M.Livingston, S.Gao, D.A.Hegg, E.J.Welton, and D.Bates, Clear-column radiative closure during ACE-Asia: Comparison of multiwavelength extinction derived from particle size and composition with results from sunphotometry, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D23), 4688, doi:10.1029/2002JD002465, 2002.

Wang, J., S. A. Christopher, J. S. Reid, H. B. Maring, D. L. Savoie, B. N. Holben, J. M. Livingston, P. B. Russell and S-K. Yang, GOES-8 retrieval of dust aerosol optical thickness over the Atlantic Ocean during PRIDE, J. Geophys. Res., 108 D19, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002494, 2003a.

Wang, J., S.A. Christopher, F. Brechtel, J. Kim, B. Schmid, J. Redemann, P.B. Russell, P. Quinn, and B.N. Holben, Geostationary Satellite Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Thickness during ACE-Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2003JD003580, 2003b.

Waquet, F., B. Cairns, K. Knobelspiesse, J. Chowdhary, L. D. Travis, B. Schmid, and M. I. Mishchenko (2009), Polarimetric remote sensing of aerosols over land, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D01206, doi:10.1029/2008JD010619.

Welton, E. J., Voss, K. J., Gordon, H. R., H. Maring, Smirnov, A., Holben, B., Schmid, B., Livingston, J. M., Russell, P. B., Durkee, P. A., Formenti, P., and Andreae, M. O.,  Ground-based lidar measurements of aerosols during ACE 2: Instrument description, results, and comparisons with other ground-based and airborne measurements. Tellus B 52, 636-651, 2000.

Wrigley, R.C., M.A. Spanner, R.E. Sly, R.F. Pueschel, and H.R. Aggarwal, Atmospheric correction of remotely sensed image data by a simplified model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18797-18814, 1992.

Appendix: Acronyms